Project:Adhesives Restructuring

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Project description

This project will create new adhesive and adhesive category wiki pages, adding to and splitting the information found on BPG Adhesives.

Project steps

Information from BPG Adhesives and BPG Adhesive Recipes and Tips can be copied and modified on the new pages as needed, but should remain on those pages until the project is nearing completion.

  1. Get together a working group of people interested in working on this project (started in May 2026)
  2. Agree on a list of new adhesive pages
  3. Agree on a table of contents for the new pages
  4. Create the adhesive category pages first, make sure the links work
  5. Create individual adhesive pages
  6. Add wikilinks throughout the wiki

Project goals

  • Cross-specialty collaboration: make the information found on BPG Adhesives usable for everyone
  • Use of wikilinks: for instance, when "wheat starch paste" is mentioned on BPG Mending, it becomes a clickable link
  • Updated information: BPG Adhesives is largely still made up of information from the 1989 PCC chapter

Project scope

In scope:

  • Adhesives currently used in conservation
  • Adhesive previously used by conservators/restorers, but no longer recommended
  • Preparation, recipes with specifics and tips
  • Specific recommendations and uses in conservation
  • Chemical and physical properties, ageing characteristics
  • Photos of made up adhesives
  • History and use, summary, not meant to be extensive


Out of scope:

  • Micrographs, material analysis spectra (largely covered by CAMEO)
  • Definition of specific concepts/terms (polymer science, defining glass transition temperature, etc.)
    • All of that is very well covered by other sources such as Horie and CCI's Compendium, no need to duplicate it here
  • Which specific manufacturers sell which adhesive
    • This gets outdated quickly and can favor specific providers, to be avoided
    • Instead link to the general conservation supply sources

Other resources about adhesives

Books and websites

The new Wiki pages should not try to replicate existing resources, but rather complement them:

  • CCI's Adhesive Compendium: General information about adhesives, then guidelines for conservation specialties
  • CAMEO Adhesive: various separate pages on adhesives
  • Horie's Materials for Conservation: Organic consolidants, adhesives and coatings book
  • Laura Chaillie's Conservator’s cookbook: information and recipes about a few adhesives, clays and gels and cleaning agents
  • Wikipedia's Adhesive page: largely irrelevant for practical conservation

AIC Wiki pages

List of AIC Wiki pages about the use of adhesives, which does not include all pages on consolidation, mending, repairs, etc.:

General thoughts

Notes from previous discussions about the project

  • Keep sections that are currently empty as a reminder that this information could be added later (like pH or refractive index)
  • What to do about the BPG Adhesive Recipes and Tips page? Keep?
    • Maybe keep as a landing page with a bunch of links to the specific recipes sections from all the pages

Audience comments from the BPG Wiki discussion meeting

On April 30 2026, a discussion was held at the AIC annual meeting to discussion the reorganization project. Overall people were excited about the project and were encouraging.

Following are paraphrased comments and questions from the audience:

  • I mostly use look for information about historic adhesives (as information or in order to remove them)
  • Where would these pages live on the wiki and they link out to other specialty group pages?
  • Is there a space on those pages which would address the changes in proprietary formulations of synthetics/oddy testing/ageing tests?
  • For PVAs: Jade is a trade name and non-trade names should be used whenever possible
  • Students new to these materials: if all they have is "jade", it would be good for them to be able to navigate and find more information based on that proprietary name
  • From painting's point of view: I have this surface which dislikes water or alcohol, would be helpful to have a subdivision by sensitivity (water-based adhesives, alcohol-based, etc.)
    • Could be organized as tables
  • Like the idea the flexibility of finding all the use cases for Plextol, for instance
  • Hesitation: how easy would it be to search for "gelatin" and come to the proper page? vs control+F on the one large page
  • Does the AIC wiki have disambiguation pages?
    • Could maybe be created by wiki vendors
    • Could be added to the pages themselves (sentence at the top that says something like "historically PVA has been used to refer to both poly vinyl acetates and poly vinyl alcohols)
    • Maybe use category pages?
  • Adhesives used in sizing/consolidation, would those also be included?
    • Still on those same pages, but applications are outlined on there
  • How to deal with adhesives that have been discontinued or fallen out of favor

Notes from June meeting

  • Can those new pages be linked somewhere on the main page?
  • Should specify on page name that we are talking about adhesives when the same name refers to something else (gelatin, cellulose nitrate)
  • We do want to cover both current and historic adhesives
  • Health & safety:
    • do not use the terms "risk" or "non-toxic"
    • add printable safety labels to the pages
    • make that section a visible header
  • Add cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate to the list
    • Now done
  • Figure out list of standalone pages first, after that work on the content organization of the pages

Draft: list of pages

Decision-making for new pages

  • Broad adhesive categories should become their own page to help represent how adhesives are organized and separated
  • Both current and historic adhesives will be covered, but focus is on current
  • Only certain specific adhesives get their own pages (ones most frequently used in the field), less frequently used adhesive are covered under the "category" page
    • Rice starch paste is covered under "Starch Adhesives", for instance
    • Adhesive from the same category should remain on the same page if you often hesitate between using one or the other for a specific purpose
      • eg. it is probably most helpful to keep the Lascaux together, rather than to give them individual pages for 303HV and 498HV, but Paraloid B-72 maybe benefits from having a separate page instead of being on a "Paraloid Adhesives" page with B67, B44, etc.
  • This is intended as a starting point, pages can always be added in the future

Adhesives table

To add directly to the table, use the visual editor, click on the row where you want to add another adhesive, click on the arrow on the left side of the table, then select either "insert above" or "insert below". The large cells are simply merged together to clean up the table. All the cells in the table would become new pages.

Adhesives[1] Organic Natural Adhesives Polysaccharide Adhesives Starch Adhesives[2] Wheat Starch Paste (adhesive)
Vegetable Gum Adhesives[3] Funori (adhesive)
Cellulose Derivative Adhesives[4] Cellulose Ethers Adhesives Methylcellulose (adhesive)
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (adhesive)
Cellulose Esters Adhesives Cellulose Nitrate (adhesive)
Cellulose Acetate (adhesive)
Proteinaceous Adhesives[5][6] Gelatin (adhesive)
Isinglass (adhesive)
Animal Glues[7]
Organic Synthetic Adhesives Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVA) Adhesives[8]
Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVOH) Adhesives
Poly Vinyl Butyral Adhesives Butvar B-76[9]
Butvar B-98[9]
Acrylic Adhesives[10] Paraloid B44[11][12]
Paraloid B48N
Paraloid B67
Paraloid B72
Lascaux[13][14]
Cyanoacrylate Adhesives
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Adhesives[15]
Epoxy Resin Adhesives Hxtal NYL-1[16]
Partially Inorganic Adhesives
Commercial Tapes[17]
Historic Adhesives[18][19]

Comments about the new pages

  1. ↑ Will be a central page where all other pages are linked and organized like in this table. Can be other tables for solubility, etc. Should not duplicate information that can easily be found elsewhere (what is an adhesive, what is glass transition temperature, etc.)
  2. ↑ Rice starch, flour pastes
  3. ↑ Gum arabic, gum tragacanth, agar(ose), sodium alginate
  4. ↑ CMC, EHEC, HEC, MHC (put under ethers or esters as appropriate)
  5. ↑ Collagens, caseins
  6. ↑ Would give animal glues it's own page: heavily used historic adhesive and still used in furniture conservation. Consider a page for casein: historic adhesive still encountered
  7. ↑ I know that gelatin and isinglass are also glues from animals, but I would differentiate them
  8. ↑ Both solutions and dispersions, Jade, BEVA, CM Bond, Elvace, Texicote
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Frequently used in object conservation
  10. ↑ Both solutions (ie, emulsions?) and dispersions, Rhoplex, Plextol, Texicryl
  11. ↑ Should F-10 and B-82 get their own pages? they had sections on BPG adhesives
  12. ↑ Should the paraloids have a - between the B and number? Is it B44 or B-44?
  13. ↑ Is there a none trade-name for Lascaux?
  14. ↑ There are several Lascauxs: all are acrylic adhesives I believe. From CAMEO re Lascaux 303HV: "A trademark for a thermoplastic acrylic resin composed of a water-based dispersion of butyl acrylate and methylmethacrylate thickened with acrylic butylester."
  15. ↑ Aquazol
  16. ↑ Because it has a RI close to that of many glasses, it's commonly used for glass conservation.
  17. ↑ This page will likely have an entirely different formatting than the rest. I mostly want somewhere to put this very long list from the BPG Tape and Hinge removal page.
  18. ↑ It may make more sense to lump all the strictly historic adhesives together on one page, organized either by date, by adhesive type (with links to adhesive type pages), or by specialty?
  19. ↑ For inclusion in list of historic adhesives: bitumen, shellac, possibly water glass? (sodium silicate), pine resin, possibly albumen, soluble nylon, casein

Extra thoughts/questions

  • Are we separating solutions/dispersions like BPG Adhesive did or lumping them together?
  • Do we still decide to use some trade names when unavoidable? Paraloid B-72, Lascaux, H-xtal, etc.
    • Trade names would be helpful to link to the specific safety data sheet from the manufacturer
      • SB: very good point! also for searching/finding the different other adhesive names currently/previously used

Draft: table of contents

I made an old template here a while back, as a reference.

Top of page

  • Semantic update boxes
{{Data
|Topic=Conservation Specialties
|Subtopic=Archaeological Artifacts and Sites;Book and Paper;Objects;Paintings;Photographic Material
|Group=Archaeological Heritage Network;Book and Paper Group;Health and Safety Network;Objects Specialty Group;Paintings Specialty Group;Photographic Materials Group
|Section=Treatment Techniques and Procedures;Treatment Techniques for Books;Treatment Techniques for Paper
}}
  • Intro blurb
  • Compilers, contributors
  • Copyright

Content

Molecular Weight Water Absorption (%) Refractive Index (nD) Solubility
Number Number Number Water

Ethanol

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) Viscosity pH Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Number Number Number
  1. Source (link to Conservation Supply Sources Wiki page, rather than saying where you can buy specific adhesives)
  2. History and use (how the adhesive has been used, for previous restoration, for sizing, to make eastern scrolls, for Chine colles, etc.)
  3. Chemical and physical properties
    1. Identification
    2. Physical form
    3. Solubility
    4. Possible additives
    5. Health and Safety (links to Health & Safety Network, and specific SDS, safety labels)
    6. Storage and shelf life
  4. Aging characteristics (links to Materials Testing Results - Adhesives and Tapes)
    1. Reversibility
    2. Aged appearance
    3. Relative strength
    4. Microbial resistance
  5. Preparation (Info moved from the BPG Adhesive Recipes and Tips page if applicable, info about institution/individual/date that recipe comes from)
    1. Microwave (organized by preparation method if multiple recipes exist)
    2. Stovetop
  6. Applications in art conservation
    1. Applications for book and paper conservation (info about what the adhesive is used for in book and paper conservation specifically)
    2. Applications for _ conservation (info about how a specific conservation specialty uses that adhesive)
  7. References (list of short references [Author Date, Page] in the text using the "cite" wiki button)
  8. Bibliography (full references of work cited in text, can be annotated)
  9. Further reading (Other relevant sources not cited in the text, Cameo)
  10. History of this page (this info was moved in 2026, etc.)

Bottom of page

Extra thoughts/questions

  • If the page covers multiple different topics (eg. starch adhesives covers both starch adhesives and rice starch paste), is there a higher level header for those different topics, then what is outlined below is a lower level header?
  • Is there a way to link to specific oddy testing results?
  • Add a list of trade names somewhere

References: table of contents

CCI's Adhesive Compendium

  1. Organic - Natural
    1. Proteins (animal glues, fish glues, etc.)
    2. Polysaccharides (starches, dextrins, etc.)
    3. Cellulose Ethers (methylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, etc.)
    4. Cellulose Esters
      1. Cellulose Acetate
      2. Cellulose Nitrate
    5. Shellac
  2. Organic - Synthetic
    1. Poly(vinyl acetates) and Copolymers
    2. Poly(vinyl alcohols)
    3. Poly(vinyl butyrals)
    4. Acrylics
    5. Cyanoacrylates
    6. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
    7. Epoxy Resins
    8. Soluble Nylon
  3. Partially Inorganic
    1. Silicones (Polysiloxanes) and Silanes

BPG Adhesives

Horie's Materials for Conservation

  1. Introduction
    1. Use of Resins in Conservation
    2. Setting Processes
    3. Reversibility
    4. History
    5. Information Sources
  2. Polymer Science
    1. Film-Forming Materials
    2. Molecular Weight and Size
    3. Glass Transition Temperature
    4. Mechanical Properties
    5. Optical Properties
    6. Polymerization
    7. Deterioration of Polymers
    8. Testing of Polymers
    9. Identification of Polymers
  3. Solvents
    1. Chemical Type and Purity
    2. Solubility Parameters
    3. Evaporation Rate
    4. Hazards
    5. Solvent-Solute Interaction
  4. Adhesion
    1. Introduction
    2. Wetting the Surface
    3. Effects of Setting Properties on Adhesion
    4. Strength of Adhesion Bonds
    5. Failure of Joints
  5. Uses and Requirements of Applied Polymers - A Summa
    1. Stability
    2. Reversibility
    3. Glass Transition Temperature
    4. Setting
    5. Strength
    6. Application
    7. Consolidation
    8. Adhesion
    9. Coatings
    10. Moulding
    11. Specifying a Product for Conservation
  6. Hydrocarbons
    1. Polyethene (PE) and Paraffin Wax
    2. Rubber
  7. Vinyl Acetate-Derived Polymers
    1. Poly(Vinyl Acetate) (PVAC)
    2. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVAL)
    3. Poly(Vinyl Acetals)
  8. Acrylic Polymers
    1. Background
    2. Conservation
  9. Miscellaneous Synthetic Thermoplastics
    1. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
    2. Poly(Vinylidene Chloride) (PVDC)
    3. Polystyrene (PS)
    4. Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVP)
    5. Poly(p-Xylylene) (PPX)
    6. Low-Molecular-Weight Resins
    7. Polyethers
    8. Nylons
    9. Poly(2-Ethyl-2-Oxazoline)
  10. Polymers Derived from Cellulose
    1. Cellulose Ethers
    2. Cellulose Esters
  11. Natural Water-Soluble Polymers
    1. Polysaccharides
    2. Proteins
  12. Natural Resins
    1. Terpenes
    2. Monoterpenoids
    3. Diterpenoids
    4. Triterpenoids
    5. Shellac
    6. Beeswax
    7. Carnauba Wax
    8. Oils and Alkyds
  13. Cross-Linking Polymers
    1. Silicon-Containing Polymers
    2. Polyester Resins
    3. Polyurethane Polymers
    4. Epoxy Resins
    5. Formaldehyde Resins
  14. Fillers and Colourants
    1. Fillers
    2. Colourants

Cameo's Adhesive page

Adhesives may be classified as inorganic and organic adhesives:

  • Inorganic adhesives: water glass, plaster of Paris and portland cement.
  • Organic adhesives: animal (hide, bone, blood, casein, etc.), or vegetable (starch, gum, natural resin, etc.) or synthetic (Acrylic, Vinyl acetate, Cyanoacrylate, Epoxy, Silicone, etc.).

Conservator's cookbook

  1. Adhesives and Consolidants
    1. Two-Part Epoxies
    2. Resins into Solvents
    3. Cellulose Ethers
    4. Starch Paste
      1. Wheat Starch Paste
      2. Rice Starch Paste
    5. Seaweed Gums
      1. Funori
      2. Alginate – Arrowroot
    6. Glue
  2. Clays and Gels
    1. Clays
      1. Natural Clays
      2. Laponite RD
    2. Spreadable Gels
      1. Carbopol Gel
      2. Pemulen Gels
      3. Methyl Cellulose
      4. Xanthan Gum
    3. Non-spreadable Gels (Polysaccharide Gels, Borax-Modified Gels)
  3. Cleaning Agents
    1. Surfactants
    2. Buffers and pH Adjustment
    3. Chelating Agents
      1. Sequestering Solutions
    4. Enzymes
    5. (Micro) Emulsions

References: headers

CCI's Adhesive Compendium

Setting Mechanism Category Water absorption (%) Refractive Index
Number Number Number Number
Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) Viscosity pH Coefficient of Linear Expansion
Number Number Number Number
  1. Table (shown above)
  1. Abbreviations
  2. Types, synonyms and/or trade names
  3. Chemistry and/or preparation
    1. Modifying Starch (roasting, aging, etc.)
    2. Recipes
    3. Identification
  4. History and Uses
  5. Characteristics, Limitations and/or Aging Studies
    1. General, specifics
    2. Microbial Resistance
    3. Health Issues
    4. Shelf Life
    5. Paper/Leather/Textiles/etc.
  6. Solubility and/or Removability

BPG Adhesives

  1. 1 Source
  2. 2 Chemical and Physical Properties
    1. Identification
    2. Molecular Weight
    3. Physical Form
    4. Preparation
    5. Viscosity
    6. Solubility
    7. pH
    8. Softening Point/Glass Transition Temperature
    9. Refractive Index
    10. Possible Additives
    11. Health Hazards
    12. Storage/shelf life
  3. 3 Aging Characteristics
    1. Reversibility
    2. Appearance
    3. Relative Strength
    4. Biological Attack
  4. Preparation
  5. Application

Conservator's cookbook

  1. Material Information
  2. Storage
  3. Preparation
  4. Final Steps
  5. Technical Data

Cameo

  1. Description
  2. Synonyms and Related Terms
  3. Applications
  4. Risks
  5. Physical and Chemical Properties
  6. Additional Images
  7. Resources and Citations
  8. FTIR spectrum


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